Banerjee elaborated on what he calls ‘nudges’ and how they can be instrumental in achieving goals. “One may think that a small reward/reminder is inconsequential, but it can go a long way. While studying the penetration of immunisation in Udaipur, we came across a very low number. But when people were assured of a kilogram of dal if they came forth for regular dosage, the percentage went up several times,” Banerjee said.

Talking about the gap between research and action, Duflo insisted that actionable part of research is at the heart of what J-Pal does. “Yes, sometimes there are clashes with policymakers, but then one has to be patient. In fact, we have noticed that they too are showing more interest. Whenever a policymaker wants to implement something, we can help with staffing to ensure that he has the right people to oversee things on the ground,” Duflo said.

Lamenting that the banking sector lived outside the world of small businesses, Banerjee added, “They know who are capable entrepreneurs. Why not approach them?”